Distributor

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A distributor is a device in the ignition system of an internal combustion engine that routes high voltage from the ignition coil to the spark plugs in the correct firing order. The first high-tension distributor was developed around 1904, independently by Napier, Bouton, and Winton.Georgano, G.N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985).

It consists of a rotating arm or wikt:rotor inside the distributor cap, on top of the distributor shaft, but insulated from it and the body of the vehicle ("earth"). The metal part of the rotor contacts the central high voltage cable from the coil via a spring loaded carbon brush. The metal part of the rotor arm passes close to (but does not touch) the output contacts which connect via high tension cables to the spark plug of each cylinder (engine). As the rotor spins within the distributor, electrical current is able to jump the small gaps created between the rotor arm and the contacts due to the high voltage created by the ignition coil.

The distributor shaft has a cam that operates the contact breaker. Opening the points causes a high electromagnetic induction voltage in the system's ignition coil.

The distributor also houses the centrifugal advance unit: a set of hinged weights attached to the distributor shaft, that cause the breaker points mounting plate to slightly rotate and advance the spark timing with higher engine Revolutions per minute. In addition, the distributor has a vacuum advance unit that advances the timing even further as a function of the vacuum in the inlet manifold (automotive engineering). Usually there is also a capacitor attached to the distributor. The capacitor is connected Series and parallel circuits to the breaker points, to suppress Electrostatic dischargeing and prevent wear of the points.

Around the 1970s the primary breaker points were largely replaced with Hall effect sensors. As this is a non-contacting device and the primary circuit is controlled by solid state electronics, a great amount of maintenance in point adjustment and replacement was eliminated. This also eliminates any problem with breaker follower or cam wear, and by eliminating a side load extends distributor shaft bearing (mechanical) life. The remaining secondary (high voltage) circuit was as described above, using a single coil and a rotary distributor.

Distributor cap A distributor cap is used in an automobile's internal combustion engine to cover the distributor and its internal rotor. The rotor switches a high sparking voltage to the spark plugs so that these firing order.

The distributor cap is a prime example of a component that eventually succumbs to heat and vibration. A relatively easy and inexpensive part to replace, if its bakelite housing does not break or crack first, carbon deposit accumulation or erosion of its metal terminals may also cause distributor-cap failure.

The distributor cap has one post for each cylinder and in points ignition systems there is a central post for the coil voltage coming into the distributor. In HEI (High Energy Ignition) systems where there is not a central post, the ignition coil sits on top of the distributor. On the inside of the cap there is a terminal that corresponds to each post and the plug terminals are arranged around the circumference of the cap according to the firing order in order to send the secondary voltage to the proper spark plug at the right time.

The "rotor" head is attached to the top of the distributor shaft which is driven by a gear on the engine's camshaft and thus synchronized to it. This rotor is pressed against a carbon brush (electric) on the center terminal of the distributor cap which connects to the ignition coil either through the top and wired directly to the coil in HEI systems; or via the center terminal in points ignition systems and remotely connected to the coil. The rotor is constructed such that the center tab is electrically connected to its outer edge so the voltage coming in to the center post will travel through the carbon point to the outer edge of the rotor. As the camshaft rotates, the rotor spins and its outer edge passes each of the internal plug terminals to fire each spark plug.

Direct ignition Modern engine designs have done away with the distributor and coil, instead performing the distribution function in the primary circuit electronically and applying the primary (low-voltage) pulse to individual coils for each spark plug. In some cars, the coils are mounted together in a 'coil pack'; others utilize a coil located very near to or directly on top of each spark plug (Direct Ignition or coil-on-plug). This avoids the need to switch very high voltages, which is very often a source of trouble, especially in damp conditions. These systems also allow finer levels of ignition control by the engine computer, which assists in increasing power output, decreasing fuel consumption and emissions, and implementing features such as Active Fuel Management.

See also

Engine Control Unit
Timing mark

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